In December 2018, after a few hundred migrants in total arrived in the UK by crossing the Channel on small boats that year, the then home secretary, Sajid Javid, declared the situation “a major incident”. Now, Peter William Walsh told me, hundreds of people can arrive in the UK on small boats in a single day.
Walsh describes 2018 as a “critical moment”, where there was a switch in the tactics used by people crossing the Channel. Before small boats became the main method, most people trying to reach the UK did so by hiding in lorries around freight terminals in the French port of Calais – sometimes with drivers’ help, sometimes without. At its peak in the mid-2000s, there were about 10,000 detected attempts a year.
The UK and French government response to this was largely successful, but in part drove the increasing use of small boats. “There was a big enforcement drive – such as kilometres of fencing erected in and around the freight terminals of Calais, deployment of a whole range of technologies, CO2 detectors, thermal imaging, heartbeat sensors and dog patrols – to really try to clamp down on the lorry route but smugglers, as we know, are highly adaptable,” Walsh said.
People smuggling goes professional
Until 2018, it was widely assumed that crossing the Channel in a small boat was too risky and not a viable route into the UK. But as Walsh told me, that changed quickly. “Then people successfully made the trip in the hundreds and then thousands, and as the smuggling operations became more professionalised and better resourced, it kind of had a life of its own – and that idea that the Channel was some kind of impenetrable stretch of water just dissolved.”
It’s worth reading a First Edition from November by Archie on why the government’s promise to “smash the gangs” has always been a doomed strategy.
In a briefing paper co-authored with Mihnea V Cuibus last month, Walsh highlights some striking statistics. Since 2018, small boat crossings have increased, with about 37,000 people detected in 2024 and a record-breaking 14,800 in the first five months of 2025 alone. Nearly all of those who cross apply for asylum once they arrive in the UK – 99% did so in 2024. Between 2018 and 2024 the asylum grant rate for people who arrived by small boat was 68%.
The Brexit effect
There have been quiet murmurings that Brexit has worsened the situation, most notably from the Conservative shadow home secretary, Chris Philp, who admitted in a leaked 2018 recording that returning migrants to the EU would become significantly harder after the UK left the bloc.
Walsh said: “There’s emerging evidence that there is a Brexit effect, and it’s two things. One is that we no longer have access to the EU’s asylum fingerprint database. So previously, if someone had arrived in the UK and they’d claimed asylum or been fingerprinted on entry to the EU, at say, Italy, we would know that. And then using the Dublin system, we could return them to the country of first entry.”
But now, he said, migrants understand that if they’ve perhaps claimed asylum in an EU country and been refused, they can try again in the UK. The Mixed Migration Centre, a research institute that conducted interviews with migrants in Calais and the surrounding areas, found this “has come up again and again and again”.
But Walsh added that other factors, such as reuniting with family members in the UK, speaking the English language, and perceptions of the UK as being more welcoming, have long been significant pull factors.
Deterrence v safe routes
The parties of the right, and several voices within Labour, have long called for beefing up deterrence as a way to reduce the number of people crossing on small boats to claim asylum. Such deterrents include detaining migrants and processing their claims elsewhere, such as the Tories’ infamous Rwanda policy.
“The available evidence suggests that deterrence policies historically have very little impact on the flow of unauthorised migration, asylum migration. They might say look at Australia, which had an offshoring kind of deterrence policy. But actually the big declines in unauthorised maritime arrivals to Australia happened after they started physically intercepting these boats in the water and returning them to countries of departure,” Walsh said.
That isn’t really an option in the Channel, he said. “These are much smaller boats, really precarious. And the French maritime doctrine states you can only intervene on a boat in the water if there’s a serious threat to the lives of the occupants. And it’s not unreasonable because they expect resistance to an intervention – if there’s any kind of panic on board these boats, people can get crushed. People can go into the water, where there’s a real risk of death by drowning.”
A record 73 people died trying to cross the English Channel by small boat in 2024 alone, more than in the previous six years combined, according to figures from the Migration Observatory.
The other proposed solution, touted by some on the left, is to expand safe routes for asylum seekers. But Walsh believes that refugee resettlement, where the UN picks people from camps it operates around the world and then transfers them to participating countries, won’t likely have a noticeable effect on small boat crossings, largely due to the extraordinary numbers of refugees in the world.
Another way would be expanding the visa scheme on offer to Ukrainians. It would need to be expansive and uncapped, Walsh said, so that anyone considering getting in a small boat would instead use the legal route. He argued that it isn’t currently politically viable for the Labour government to introduce a scheme for all nationalities.
People willing to risk their lives
Finally, what impact could this “one in, one out” policy have? Such a scheme would have a similar deterrence logic to the Rwanda plan, Walsh said, and its success would depend on returning a sufficiently large share of Channel migrants to France.
“These are individuals. They travel thousands of miles to get to Calais, they spend thousands of euros determined to reach the UK. They’re willing to risk their lives to get in a small boat – if there’s not a sufficiently high chance of failure to settle in the UK, then they may just view this as one additional risk that they’re willing to face,” he said.
