Binance flagrantly violated U.S. law, allowing U.S. users on the platform despite telling the public otherwise, ignoring know-your-customer/anti-money laundering requirements and going out of its way to obfuscate both its location and its engagement with U.S. customers, the Department of Justice alleged last week.
We've known about these allegations for the last week, but if you were trying to get to a long holiday weekend or something, here's some links to catch you up: CoinDesk's article, last week's newsletter, the DOJ information document (not an indictment, importantly), a statement of facts Binance agreed to, the FinCEN consent order, the plea stuff and that's probably enough for now.
"VIP users were an important part of [Binance's] business model, and a significant number were U.S. users," a court filing said. "VIP users, including those within and outside the United States, accounted for an outsized percentage of Binance's revenue and of the trading volume on Binance.com."
Later on, the filing added that Binance "facilitated billions of dollars" of transactions for customers without any know-your-customer/anti-money laundering protections, and so it moved funds for people in sanctioned jurisdictions.
"During the relevant period, Defendant knew that U.S. law prohibited U.S. persons from conducting certain financial transactions with countries, groups, entities or persons sanctioned by the U.S. government," the filing said. "Defendant also knew that it did not block transactions between users subject to U.S. sanctions and U.S. users and that its matching engine would necessarily cause such transactions."
Prosecutors estimated that U.S. users transacted just under $900 million across more than 1 million transactions.
All this to say Binance will pay a lot of money and appoint some monitors to watch over its platform for the next few years. My colleague Daniel Kuhn analyzed Binance's finances – what we know of them, anyway – and concluded that on a purely dollar level, the exchange looks like it can weather the $4.3 billion fine, especially given it has a few years to pay it off.
The monitors are also an interesting detail. Binance agreed to appoint an independent monitor in its settlement with the DOJ, who will "assess and monitor the company's compliance" with the terms of its plea, which includes overseeing its various compliance programs. There's specific reviews scheduled over the coming months, where the monitor will assess and report on Binance's compliance policies to the company's leadership, as well as the DOJ's corporate enforcement and bank integrity units and the U.S. attorney's office for the Western District of Washington.
A separate agreement with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) said Binance would also appoint a monitor who would work with the Treasury Department watchdog. This monitor should be appointed within the next month or so. While the consent order describes how a monitor will be appointed, it does not appear that the proposed names will be made public.
"To ensure that illicit activity is addressed, Treasury will retain access to books, records, and systems of Binance for a period of five years through a monitor," a Treasury Department press release said.
While Binance shouldn't suffer greatly from paying the fines it owes, how its customers react to increased AML/KYC processes and the fact that Binance will make all of its books available to the U.S. government for review at the government's request is more of an open question. It may be a more difficult one to answer quickly. The exchange saw close to $1 billion flow out of its coffers after the settlement was announced, but its 24-hour trading volume seems to have survived largely intact, according to CoinGecko.
CZ is also in a bit of limbo, at least for the moment. Federal prosecutors want him to remain in the U.S. until his sentencing. His attorneys say he should be able to go back to the United Arab Emirates, where he, his wife and his children live (and where he's a citizen).
This argument pretty much seems to boil down to trust. Prosecutors don't seem to trust that CZ, if allowed to leave the country, will actually come back. For the moment, CZ is in the U.S., after the district judge overseeing the case ruled that he can't leave until there's a final decision.
But it's in the pages of the back-and-forth that the U.S. makes an obvious, yet still fascinating admission: CZ is paying what they think is a relatively small fine for the crimes they allege he is responsible for.
"The government believes that the vast majority of that wealth is held overseas and Zhao is believed to have hundreds of millions of dollars in accessible cryptocurrency. Zhao could live on that wealth in the UAE indefinitely," the filing said.
